Hills Like White Elephants Conflict Analysis - 795 Words

English literature is the epitome of constant variations towards stories that entitles a reader to indecisively construct a conclusion towards the plot of any reading. Incidentally, the short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway exemplifies the cohesive idea of being concise with their chosen words. Author Ernest Hemingway, expresses the quarrel between the main characters about one life changing solution that leads the reader to imply the struggle they’re endearing. However, throughout any context, conflict can strongly influence the plot of the story through 3 main ways: man vs. man, man vs. himself, and man vs. nature. Therefore, the narrative of the short story, perceives an engagement between man vs himself and man†¦show more content†¦Moreover, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephant† distinctively suggest the conflict of man vs himself, or Jig vs. herself. Evaluating the literary elements of the story â€Å"White Elephants† represe nts her distraction of confronting the issue by dazing at the hills in midst of hope to replenish the carefree attitude she prolonged. As deep down within her nurturing character she doesn’t want to settle with the operation. â€Å"And once they take it away, you never get it back.† (Hemingway 81) Although the line focuses on the topic of gaining everything. Her quote interprets to the predicament that she faces as it wouldn’t be easy for herself. Understandingly being troubled by possibly making the worst decision for her own benefit. Presented by the author, â€Å"Oh yes. But I don’t care about me. And I’ll do it and then everything will be fine.† (Hemingway 68) Displaying the unhealthy emotional investment she has for the American man as she is unable to make her own decision in fear that her relationship won’t go back to the way it used to be. At this point, the discrepancy of both characters terrorizes the purpose of being with a significant other. They’re both in no position to be involved with each other and cast important issues to be more simplistic than they actually are. Justified within the plot of the text, â€Å"I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything.† (Hemingway 44) The American man pressures her into going through theShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"the Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† Regardless of the type of society people live in controversial topics and cowardly individuals can create conflict. The stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway implement this concept. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds an annual lottery in which the winner will be killed. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is the story of a couple’s discussion over the decision they must make of whether orRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1446 Words   |  6 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it willRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Short Story ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway.1497 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis of the short story ‘Hills like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway. Word Count: 1367 Hills like White Elephants – Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Will Jig have the abortion and stay with the man; will Jig have the abortion and leave the man; or will Jig not have the abortion and win the man over to her point of view?† (Hashmi, N, 2003). These are the three different scenarios that have been seriously considered in Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. ErnestRead More Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1687 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequently uses various literary elements in his writing to entice the reader and enhance each piece that he writes. In Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses symbols to teach the reader certain things that one may encounter during daily life. Symbolism may be defined as relating to, using, or proceeding by means of symbols (Princeton). The use of symbols in Hills Like White Elephants is utterly important to the plot line and to the fundamental meaning of the story. Through this use of symbolism, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants And Interpreter Of Maladies1208 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis and Comparison of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† Imagine a foreign land in the early 1900’s. A couple sits and waits for a train to Madrid, Spain overlooking the long white hills across the Valley of Ebro. In the short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† many symbols are introduced through a brief conversation between a couple with a heavy underlying issue. With little background information and sparse dialogue, a reader can only use their imagination. InRead MoreMoving to the Girl’s Side of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†1697 Words   |  7 PagesMoving to the Girl’s Side of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In the article, â€Å"Moving to the Girl’s Side of ‘Hills Like White Elephants†, Stanley Renner carefully analyzes the movements of the female character and argues the different view from the general conclusion while still pondering on the open-end question the writer, Ernest Hemmingway, has left with the readers. Renner is left unsatisfied with the unresolved ending of the story. Although the majority of critics conclude that the girl will haveRead MoreHills Like White Elephants838 Words   |  4 PagesHills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants presents a fictional example of the modern day prevalence of miscommunication among others, namely men and women. Depicted through the couple and the present issue at hand, Hemingway strives to allude to the unfortunate truth that despite constant speaking among beings, genuine communication continues to fall short and is nearly nonexistent. Existing is the lack of productivity when the true feelings of both parties are notRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, a Theme Analysis Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesHemmingway uses time, place, and symbolism in Hills like White Elephants to intensify the central dilemma in a story about a man and a woman deciding on whether to go through with an abortion. Although a literal reading of the title may not seem to have any relation to the story, the title is rich in implications. Critics suggest that Hills refers to the shape of a womans stomach when pregnant, and Websters 21st Century Dicti onary defines white elephant as: [An] awkward, useless possession. Read MoreHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead MoreClash of Male and Female Differences in Hemingway Essays1796 Words   |  8 PagesIn â€Å"The Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway, the theme of abortion is illustrated by the clash of a male and female relationship and the symbolic meanings of the Middle East. While in Spain the American and the girl are torn between one decision: whether to have an abortion or to have a baby. â€Å"The Hills like White Elephants† takes place in a train station in Spain. â€Å"The station [is] between two lines of rails in the sun†(Hills Like White Elephants-Litarary Analysis ). The rails run

Distributed Database Issues With Security - 1344 Words

Final Research Paper ‘Distributed Database Issues with Security’ Manasa Cuddalore Lawrence Technological University Author Note Manasa Cuddalore (000726927), Department of Computer Science, Lawrence Technological University. This is a final research paper for 4568-Distributive Database Systems (MCS-6323) with instructor Mazin Al Hamando. Abstract Distributed database technologies are an emerging market and bound to have a significant impact on data processing in the upcoming years. Research states that the introduction of commercial products there is more expectation that distributes database management system will take over a centralized database within the near future. Even though DDBMS is changing technologies, there are still issues. This paper is about the lack of security in a distributed database and how we can improve it in many ways. The distributed database is a collection of database, stored at various sites of the network; therefore, security is an important issue. Distributed Database Issues with Security The database is the heart of any company or organization; this is the one place where vital information stored. Data security is known to be one of the most critical components of business, banks, and even home computers (Coy, 1996). Most of our information such as client information, payment information, personal files, bank account details, etc. these information’s can be hard to replace andShow MoreRelatedAn Overview Of Distributed Database Management System769 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of Distributed database management system In the current situation, the used of distributed network is increasing day by day. Due to its increasing demand, the requirement for improvement in distributed database management system is in high peak. Database designer and developer are working hard to meet the ongoing demand of distributed database management system. Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS) is a centralized database application that manage the distributed database and synchronizeRead MoreThe Proliferation and Advances of Computer Networks1317 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The Proliferation and advances in computer network have led to increase Distributed database system In Distributed Database Different user are connected for accessing the data. In distributed database the data from the single local computer can be transferred or distributed on various computer connected at the same physical location. The Data from the database can be distributed to the multiple physical loacation. It is a powerful technology with great potential to helpRead MoreData Storage Model Nosql Databases Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesModel NoSQL Databases Document Databases MongoDB, IBM Cloudant, RethinkDB, Elasticsearch , CouchDB, ArangoDB, OrientDB, Couchbase Server, SequoiaDB, Clusterpoint Server, JSON ODM, NeDB, Terrastore, RavenDB, AmisaDB, JasDB, RaptorDB, Djondb, densodb, SisoDB, SDB, NoSQL embedded db, ThruDB, iBoxDB, BergDB, MarkLogic Server, EJDB (Mohamed et al., 2014; Okman et al., 2011). Figure 3. Document Store Type (Saladage, 2014). 3.4 Graph Databases – There are few NoSQL Databases store informationRead MoreSecurity Of Nosql Database Against Intruders Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity of NoSQL Database against Intruders Abstract The evolution of distributed web based applications and cloud computing have generated the demand to store voluminous of big data in distributed databases efficiently to offer excessive availability and scalability to users. The new type of database resolves many new challenges especially in large-scale and high concurrency applications which are not present in relational database. These new sorts of databases are not relational by using explanationsRead MoreHierarchical And Directory Based Database Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesHomogenous database It is a distributed database where each site shares a common software and the same copy of database. These sites connect with each other and fulfill their requirements accordingly. For example if a user queries something which needs resources from multiple sites then homogeneous databases are a perfect suite where the sites interconnect with each other. Thus the sites share the same or identical software and are aware of each and every site. Heterogeneous database It is a distributedRead MoreMicrosoft Vs. Multi File Database1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent database technologies. Each technology offers its own pros and cons and below is a look at of the most common technologies. Single- vs. multi-file databases A notable different between technologies can be whether they are single-file or a multi-file database. Single-file database Single-file database is the simplest database structure, as it consists of unified information, which can often be used and accessed in a pre-determined manner. Complexity in a single-file database is not commonplaceRead MoreBuilding An Application For Hospital Management And Patient Health Records Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmodified too. Not only the applications but the databases and warehouses where we store these data have to be modifies too. SQL can store data in different tables and databases but later it is very difficult task to retrieve the same as that will include loads of join operation and very multifaceted transactions. So in this paper we propose to build an application for hospital management and to handle patient health records . Our application uses a NoSQL database(i.e here we use mongodb) for storing andRead MoreSecurity Policies For Schema Less Or Dynamic Schema Database Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine security policies for schema-less or dynamic-sche ma database? 5.10.2 Performance: Availability versus access controls overhead, how to manage the cost of access control? Because of schema-less nature of NoSQL data models, fine-grained data access controls at the column or row level, as gave by RDBMS i.e. oracle and these features are not accessible in the recent NoSQL databases. Some of them employ a few kind of authorization if desired. Authorization setting of some of NoSQL database is allowedRead MoreAn Emerging Class Of Non Relational Database Management System Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesNOSQL is an emerging class of non-relational database, used to handle Big Data, it stands for Not Only SQL which solve the problem of processing unstructured data, considering that this non-relational database does not use a schema, and does not relay on the table/key model used in RDBMSs (Relational DataBase Management System). NOSQL have the following characteristic: †¢ Scalability: the competence to store data across multiple data stores simultaneously, moreover enlarge and decrease the size ofRead MoreA Study On Big Data1643 Words   |  7 Pagesefficient algorithms. In this paper, a detailed study about big data, its basic concepts, history, technique, tools and cloud services are discussed. In addition to this, research issues in big data also discussed. Keywords: Big data INTRODUCTION Big data refers to large data sets whose size is beyond the ability of typical database software tools to capture, store, manage and analyze. Big data is used to analysis the data which allows analyst, researcher and business user to make better decision using

Desert Tortoises Essay Example For Students

Desert Tortoises Essay IntroductionThe desert tortoise is one of the four species of on land tortoises in North America. They are the longest living reptile of the southwestern United States region, living from eighty years up to one hundred years. They are well adapted to living in a highly variable and often harsh environment. On April 2, 1990; the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the desert tortoise as a threatened species. Their populations have been decreasing for many years due to habitat loss and disturbance, collection for pets, raven predation of eggs and juveniles, and a respiratory disease mostly caused by captive tortoises being released into the wild. It is illegal to collect desert tortoises from the wild without a permit from both the federal government and the states of California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. It is also illegal to buy or sell desert tortoises. The only legal way for an individual to acquire a desert tortoise is to adopt one from a State Game and Fish sanctioned organiza tion or to receive a captive-born hatchling as a gift. 4AppearanceDesert tortoises have a highly domed, distinctly ridged carapace ranging in length from 6 to 15 inches. Adults weigh in between 8 and 15 pounds. The carapace, which is the upper shell of a tortoise, is brown or horn colored. The plastron, the lower shell, is yellow-hued and without a hinge. Male tortoises have extended gular shields used in combat with other males during the breeding season. Both sexes have stout, elephant-like limbs which allows these reptiles access to an amazing range of microhabitats, from shallow desert washes to extremely steep mountainous slopes. The desert tortoises scaly reptilian skin is tough and protects against water loss. Their sharp claws and strong legs provide the tools needed to dig deep burrows. One way to differentiate a male tortoise from a female is by size and tail length. The male should be both larger and have a longer tail than its female counterpart. Adult male tortoises also have a concave plastron used for mounting females during breeding season. 5RangeThe natural range of the desert tortoise encompasses both the Sonoran and Mohave deserts in Southwestern Utah, Southern Nevada, Southeastern California, and Western Arizona in the United States. They also occur in the Sinaloan deserts in Northern Mexico. To survive the harsh environment of the hot, dry desert; desert tortoises dig burrows under rocks or at the base of bushes. The tortoises need firm but not hard ground to dig through. Most burrows have a half-moon shaped opening and can be anywhere from 3 to 30 feet deep. The shorter burrows offer temporary shelter, while the longer ones called dens are used for hibernation. Desert Tortoises spend most of their lives underground. 6BehaviorThe desert tortoise is most active during the day or the morning and evening, depending on the temperature. This tortoise spends most of its life underground. It burrows under the sand to protect itself from extreme desert temperatures, which range from 140 degrees Fahrenheit to well below freezing. Adults can survive for about a year without water. They produce a variety of sounds, including hisses and grunts. When in danger, tortoises can withdraw their head, legs, and tail into the shell. 7BreedingThe breeding season for desert tortoises runs from March to May. Some breeding activity may be noticed in the fall, but egg laying usually only takes place during the earlier parts of the year. The male will approach the female, bobbing his head vehemently. The female usually will attempt to move away from the male, forcing him to follow her. When the male finally corners the female, his head bobbing will increase, and he will begin circling the female, biting her head and forelegs. The male will then begin pushing into the female, forcing her to withdraw into her shell. When the female becomes quiet, the male will mount. About 25 to 40 days after copulation, the female turtle will finally be ready to lay her eggs. Nests usually are constructed along washes in nests scooped out of the ground. Incubation lasts 3-4 months with hatching from August to October. In addition to adequate amounts of suitable herbs, grass, or cactus for food, adequate soil moisture also is needed for the survival of tortoise eggs and young. .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b , .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .postImageUrl , .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b , .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:hover , .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:visited , .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:active { border:0!important; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:active , .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3373789a23f84507ee8d774aabc92a5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Problems with Voting Essay8DietThe desert tortoise is herbivorous, feeding mostly on native grasses and leafy plants. In captivity they do well on a diet of grass or grass cuttings, and other garden plants, flowers and shrubs, greens and carrots. Lettuce is not sufficiently nutritious and should be avoided. Cactus fruits and vegetables should be fed in small amounts at most once a week. In the wild, desert tortoises generally emerge from their burrows mid-March to feed on ephemeral plants. During a roughly six week period fresh green grass and spring wildflowers are their primary nutritional source. Dry stems of grass and cactus pads provide sustenance in dryer times. Intr oduced plant species have greatly intruded upon native plant species in the desert tortoises’ natural range, degrading the existing natural ecosystem. 9ConclusionIf properly cared for, a desert tortoise pet may well outlive its owner. The longevity of desert tortoises may tempt some individuals to release a captive tortoise into the wild if they no longer wish to care for it. Releasing captive desert tortoises into the wild should not be done under any circumstances to prevent upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), inappropriate genetic mixing, and the release of tortoises into an unsuitable habitat. Desert tortoises, with their ability to tolerate long periods of water and electrolyte imbalance, are among a unique group of animals adapted to the hostile climatic extremes of the North American deserts. Adopting a desert tortoise allows for a glimpse of the ecology that keeps these deserts alive, and is an educational experience for the entire family. Science

Commentary on Bartleby the scrivner Essay Example For Students

Commentary on Bartleby the scrivner Essay Commentary on Bartleby, the Scrivener: The character of thenarrator might be identified as a rather self-centered man who would ratherprefer not to undergo a confrontation with any of his employees. This isevident in his decriptions of the employees and his so-called good intentionswhen he sets himself as a tolerant, conducive man. It is obvious that hisintentions and actions are only for his own self interest and his wanting to bethought of as helping those who are not as fortunate as he. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-* Copyright DueNow.com Inc. *Category:Book ReportsPaper Title:Commentary on Bartleby, the ScrivenerText:The character of the narrator might be identified as a rather self-centeredman who would rather prefer not to undergo a confrontation with any of hisemployees. This is evident in his decriptions of the employees and his so-calledgood intentions when he sets himself as a tolerant, conducive man. It is obviousthat his intent ions and actions are only for his own self interest and hiswanting to be thought of as helping those who are not as fortunate as he. Allalong what he hopes to achieve with his charity is to help sooth his own visionby improving the physical state of others. His avoidance of confrontation isquite evident when he actually moves out of his office instead of havingBartleby physically removed by the authorities. His character is tested withBartlebys passive-aggressive attitude though I can not agree totally that he issoftened by his acquaintance with Bartleby because in some regardshe was already soft. Bartleby is definetly cut from a stronger cloth although hecertainly has his own mode of communication. He does not give into the WallStreet hardness and does not do anything that does not suit him. He takes lifefor what it is worthnothing more and nothing less. Even though he literallydoes not ask for anything, he sends his message loud and clear: I will do what Ifeel necessary to survive and everything else, I would prefer notto. It is somewhat comical that in the strong corporate atmosphere of thebusiness world, you have a boss that would prefer to no sooner pack it up andget away from an employee than to have to deal with him. All in all, thenarrator is not cold and does end up with a conscience which is evident by hischecking on Bartleby both at the old office and the jail. I think Barltebychallenged him in a way that he had never been challenged before and quitehonestly he did not know exactly what to do with him. Jamie FinkelmanI find the relationship between the author and Bartleby to be a very strange,unrealistic one, at least in todays society. Bartleby, an employee of theauthor, is under the command of the author, and is getting paid to do what theauthor says to do. Although Bartleby is very polite and unconfrontational whenrefusing to do a job the author requests, Bartleby IS refusing. If hes notdoing what his boss says as pertaining to his job, he shoul dnt get paid. Thejob is not getting done. If there was a situation like this that happened todayin most any workplace, I would think that the uncompliant employee would beterminated from his/her position that day. The author however, just allowsBartleby to act in whatever way he chooses even when Bartleby is doingabsolutely no work whatsoever. An employer today would view this behavior as adamage to his wallet and would therefore waste no time firing the employee. I,personally, would have fired Bartleby because he would not even give a reason asto why he would not do anything. .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 , .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .postImageUrl , .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 , .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:hover , .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:visited , .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:active { border:0!important; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:active , .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1 .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce46c036b79bbc4df001a88113bf0fa1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Monte Python Compare Scenes To Real Life. Essay Jennifer, I think the strange relationship betweenBartleby and the employer is supposed to seemunrealistic. it makes the reader, especially modernones, think exactly the way you did in your post. Thefact that employers would not or should not put up withthis kind of insubordination is exactly true. It makesyou wonder what is it about Bartleby that makes theemployer sympathetic to his needs. The boss seems tounderstand that there is something intrinsically wrongwith Bartleby, an underlying sadness that he cannotdetermine the cause of, and I think he cares for him agreat deal and also pities him as well. This is why hedoes not fire him or take extreme measures until heabsolutely has to. Jen, I see what you mean about Bartlebys relationship with the author.

License Plate Recognition System Essay Example

License Plate Recognition System Essay Project Report On LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM PROJECT GROUP MEMBERS A. NISHANTH J. VISHWESH NACHIKET VASANT VAIDYA NAVEEN SUKUMAR TAPPETA R. ANAND UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF. S. R. SATHE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NAGPUR 2008-2009 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NAGPUR 2008-09 CERTIFICATE This Is To Certify That A. Nishanth J. Vishwesh Nachiket Vasant Vaidya Naveen Sukumar Tappeta R. Anand Have Successfully Completed The Project Titled LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM during the academic year 2008-2009. This dissertation is towards the partial fulfillment in the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING), V. N. I. T, Nagpur. DR. S. R. SATHE DR. O. G. KAKDE (PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF THE DEPT) ACKNOWLEGEMENT This project would not have taken its shape, nor would it have been successfully completed without the support and encouragement of our project guide Prof. S. R. Sathe, who presented us with an invaluable opportunity to work on this project. We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to him. We are extremely indebted to him for the same. We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to the Department of Computer Science, and the Head of Department, Dr. O. G. Kakde for granting us full freedom towards the utilization of all the facilities in the department. This project has been a very good experience for all of us, which helped us to work together as a good team. We are sure that the knowledge and experience gathered by this will stand us in good stead in our future. We will write a custom essay sample on License Plate Recognition System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on License Plate Recognition System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on License Plate Recognition System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this thesis a Number Plate Recognition System for Indian License Plates has been explicated. The System comprises of 4 modules for each of the following: The extraction of a region of interest (ROI) containing a car, the extraction of the license plate candidates from these ROIs, the segmentation of the characters from the best candidate and finally using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on the segmented characters. The results are fed to a grammar checking module after which the license plate number is obtained. The algorithm used to generate the ROIs is a weighted histogram method, the license plate extraction uses vertical edge detection and image morphology, the character segmentation is done using a simple connected component analysis along with heuristics and finally the OCR is implemented using the novel Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) Framework. This thesis proposes a solution to: the problem of License Plate Localization in images with a complicated background, the problem of increasing the effectiveness of morphology and edge based approaches as they are very sensitive to noisy edges and the problem of recognition of characters that have varied size, rotation and have a lot of noise. The system has two components viz. a component that runs on Matlab 7. 6 that performs the image processing and a component on python2. 5. 2 that runs the Numenta Platform for Intelligent Computing(Nupic) for the OCR. The combination of algorithms that we have used proves very effective and has been applied successfully over a test database. ABSTRACT | INTRODUCTION| | | | | INTRODUCTION License plate recognition is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the license plates on vehicles. There are three key components to any NPR system: License Plate extraction, Character Segmentation, Optical Character Segmentation. Analyses on the performance of a number of techniques which are used in Number Plate Recognition are discussed below (Refer [1]). LICENSE PLATE LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES Binary Image Processing Techniques Using Edge and Morphology Based Approaches These techniques are sensitive to noisy edges, however hybrid techniques in this area coupled with prior system information such as distance constraints from the car boost system accuracies to as high as 99. 6% in [2]. In this thesis, a method is proposed to boost the accuracies of these Image processing techniques when applied to images with complicated backgrounds by selecting region of interests. Image Transformations A gabor filter based method is used for texture analysis and license plate detection. These methods are computationally expensive and slow for images with large analysis. In the method that uses Hough transform (HT), edges in the input image are detected first. Then, HT is applied to detect the LP regions. The execution time of the HT requires too much computation when applied to a binary image with great number of pixels. Methods Based On Color and Templates The solutions based on color currently available do not provide a high degree of accuracy in natural scenery, since color is not stable when the lighting conditions change. In addition, as these methods are color based, they are country specific. Methods based on Templates have little effect on Indian License Plates due to rampant non-standardization. The hierarchy introduced in the License Plate Recognition system that has been developed in this thesis viz. Image Candidates containing Car Candidates containing License Plates Enhances the Edge and Morphology based techniques by drastically reducing the number of false Number Plate candidates and increases the accuracy of Plate Localization. OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES Pattern Matching It is suitable for single font, not-rotated, fixed size characters only. It is reported that 90% of central processing unit time was consumed for the computation of the cross-correlation measures between the various templates and the relative sub-image. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) The disadvantage was the complex procedure of preprocessing and parameterization. It gives a result of 95. 7%. It has a restriction on effective distance of plate recognition system. Hybrid Approach This uses statistical and structural recognition method. It achieves robustness and a high recognition performance. Its success rate is 95. 41%. Neural Networks Multilayered Feed Forward Neural Networks Approach The network has to be trained for many training cycles to attain the good performance. The number of hidden layers as well as number of respective neurons has to be defined by trial and error approach only. This approach cannot handle the noisy part. Self-Organized Neural Networks Based On Kohonen’s The feature maps are implemented to handle noisy, deformed, broken, or incomplete characters acquired from License Plates that were bent and/or tilted with respect to the camera. The method focuses on accuracy at the cost of increased complexity and execution speed. Thus it may be concluded that on analyzing some earlier used techniques for Optical Character Recognition (OCR), many methods involving HMMs , self-organized neural networks based on Kohonen’s, though very robust, have high computational costs involved. We propose a new technique for OCR on Numentas HTM framework. It achieves a high level of rotation and scale invariance in recognition and the hierarchical structure has an added advantage of memory efficiency while making invariant representations of characters. ORGANIZATION The thesis is organized as follows: The First chapter gives an introduction to the architecture of a general License Plate Recognition System and lists the components of the software system that has been developed for this thesis. It also lists the assumptions and the system parameters. The second chapter provides an explanation to the Image Processing and Segmentation techniques that have been used. The third chapter illustrates the process involved in extracting the Regions of Interest (ROI) containing the car, Localization of the number plate from the ROI and describes the segmentation techniques to get the individual characters. The third chapter illustrates the concepts of Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM). The fourth chapter describes the HTM Learning Algorithms. The fifth chapter deals with the HTM based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Grammar Check Modules implemented for the system. The last chapter lists the results that were obtained by applying the system on various images, conclusion and the future work. | CHAPTER-I| SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE| | | | | CHAPTER-I 1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE A Number Plate Recognition system comprises of software (Image Processing and Character Recognition) and hardware components (Custom License Plate Capture Cameras) as shown in the figure. Images from the acquisition device are processed by the Software components and the results are logged or the results could be used to trigger actions such as: opening a gate to a restricted area. Figure 1. 1 The system proposed in the following thesis has been designed specifically for deployment at sites such as: Site Access Control, Car Parks, Freight Logistics Companies, Toll Booths, Airports, Hotels, Industrial Estates, Contract Car Parking, Banks and Stadiums. In this thesis we have focused on the implementation of the software component of a License plate Recognition System and the algorithms proposed allow the system to be used with a variety of low and high quality acquisition devices subject to the set constraints. . 1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE The system has two components namely, the Matlab component and the Python Component. The Matlab Component retrieves images from the Image Database. First, the ROI containing the car are extracted by the Car Candidate Generation Module. Second, the License Plate Localization and Segmentation Module localize the License Plate from the ROI, segment the characters and pass them to Python Component through the Inter Process Communicat ion Module. The Python Component applies the HTM framework based OCR on the characters segmented earlier and passes the results onto a Grammar Check Module. The Grammar Check Module returns a single result to the Matlab Component via Inter Process Communication Module. The results are finally displayed and can be further processed. The following pipeline illustrates the Software Architecture of the system: License Plate Recognition System Image Database Python Component HTM based OCR Grammar Checking Module Inter Process Communication Matlab Component Car Candidate Generation License Plate Localization and Character Segmentation Inter process Communication Display Results Figure 1. 2 1. 1. 1 Assumptions made by the System * The System is designed to provide best results when applied to number plates corresponding to the rules stated below: â€Å"On June 1, 2005, the Government of India introduced High Security Registration (HSR) number plates which are tamper proof. All new motorized road vehicles that came into the market after that need to adhere to the new plates, while existing vehicles have been given two years to comply. Features incorporated include the number plate having a patented chromium hologram; a laser numbering containing the alpha-numeric identification of both the testing agency and manufacturers and a retro-reflective film bearing a verification inscription India at a 45-degree inclination. The characters are embossed on the plate for better visibility. The letters IND are printed in a light shade of blue on the observers left side under the hologram. † Figure 1. 3 * Even though the system works for multiple cars, we focus on retrieving the number plate of the prominent car. The grammar used is based on only Indian license plates and can be extended to other countries also. 1. 1. 2 Parameters taken by the System * Image resolution used: 1200 x 1600 * The images are acquired from a distance between 3 to 6 meters and a height of 2 meters * The input to the system is an RGB image * The output is a string containing the registration number | CHAPTER-II| IMAGE PROCESSING AND SEGMENTATIO N TECHNIQUES| | | | CHAPTER-II 2. IMAGE PROCESSING AND SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES 2. 1 IMAGE ENHANCEMENT Image Enhancement involves the processing of an image that is better in quality in comparison to the raw image. The following sections explain the various spatial filters that are used in the system. Spatial Filtering involves convolution of an image with a mask. The filter masks are called convolution masks or kernels. The response R of an m x n mask at any point (x,y) in an image is given by R= i=1mnwizi where the w’s are the mask coefficients, the z’s are the values of the image gray levels corresponding to those coefficients and mn is the total number of coefficients in the mask. 2. 1. 1 Average Filter R= 1121i=1121zi Figure 2. 2 Figure 2. 1 The equation above shows an 11 x 11 smoothing filter which is the average of the gray levels of the pixels in the 11 x 11 neighborhood defined by the mask. 2. 1. 2 Median Filter It is necessary to perform a high degree of noise reduction in an image before performing higher-level processing steps, such as edge detection. The median filter is a non-linear digital filtering technique, used to remove noise from images or other signals. It examines a sample of the input and decides if it is representative of the signal. This is performed using a window consisting of an odd number of samples. The values in the window are sorted into numerical order; the median value, the sample in the center of the window, is selected as the output. The oldest sample is discarded, a new sample acquired, and the calculation repeats. Figure 2. 3 For example, suppose that a 3 x 3 neighborhood has values (10, 20, 20, 20, 15, 20, 20, 25, 100). These values are sorted as (10, 15, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 25, 100), which results in a median of 20. Thus, the principal function of median filters is to force points with distinct gray levels to be more like their neighbors. In fact, isolated clusters of pixels that are light or dark with respect to their neighbors, and whose area is less than n2/2 (one-half the filter area), are eliminated by an n x n median filter. In this case eliminated means forced to the median intensity of the neighbors. Larger clusters are affected considerably less. Figure 2. 4 2. 2 IMAGE SEGMENTATION In computer vision, segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels) (Also known as super pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc. ) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain visual characteristics. 2. 2. 1 IMAGE MORPHOLOGY AND DILATION Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on graphs, surface meshes, solids, and many other spatial structures. Dilation operation is fundamental to morphological processing. With A and B as sets in Z, the dilation of A by B, denoted A? B is defined as A? B= zBz? A ? ? This equation is based on obtaining the reflection of B about its origin and shifting this reflection by z. The dilation of A by B then is the set of all displacements, Z, such that B and A overlap by at least one element. Set B is commonly referred to as the structuring element in dilation. Figure 2. 5 2. 2. EDGE DETECTION The sobel operator calculates the gradient of the image intensity at each point, giving the direction of the largest possible increase from light to dark and the rate of change in that direction. The result shows how abruptly or smoothly the image changes at that point, and therefore how likely it is that that part of the image represents an edge, as well as how t hat edge is likely to be oriented The gradient of a two-variable function (the image intensity function) is at each image point a 2D vector with the components given by the derivatives in the horizontal and vertical directions. At each image point, the gradient vector points in the direction of largest possible intensity increase, and the length of the gradient vector corresponds to the rate of change in that direction. The result of the Sobel operator at an image point which is in a region of constant image intensity is a zero vector and at a point on an edge is a vector which points across the edge, from darker to brighter values Mathematical Representation: Mathematically, the operator uses two 3? 3 kernels which are convolved with the original image to calculate approximations of the derivatives one for horizontal changes, and one for vertical. If we define A as the source image, and Gx and Gy are two images which at each point contain the horizontal and vertical derivative approximations, the computations are as follows: Gy=+1+2+1000-1-2-1*A and Gx=+10-1+20-2+10-1*A where * here denotes the 2-dimensional convolution operation. The x-coordinate is here defined as increasing in the right-direction, and the y-coordinate is defined as increasing in the down-direction. At each point in the image, the resulting gradient approximations can be combined to give the gradient magnitude, using: G=Gx2+Gy2 Using this information, we can also calculate the gradients direction: ? =arctanGxGy where, for example, ? is 0 for a vertical edge which is darker on the left side. Figure 2. 6 Figure 2. 7 2. 2. 3 EXTRACTION OF BLOB PROPERTIES USING MOMENTS Image moments are certain particular weighted averages (moments) of the image pixels intensities, or functions of those moments, usually chosen to have some attractive property or interpretation. For a 2-D continuous function f(x,y) the moment (sometimes called raw moment) of order (p + q) is defined as Mpq=- - xpyqfx,ydx dy or p, q = 0,1,2, Adapting this to scalar (greytone) image with pixel intensities I(x,y), raw image moments Mij are calculated by Mij=xyxiyjIx,y Area: Area (for binary images) or sum of grey level (for greytone images): M00 Centroid: Centroid: x,y=M10M00,M01M00 Orientation and Length of Major and Minor Axis: Information about image orientation can be derived by first using the second order central moments to construct a covari ance matrix. ?20=? 20? 00=M20M00-x2 ?02=? 02? 00=M02M00-y2 ?11=? 11? 00=M11M00-xy2 The covariance matrix of the image I(x,y) is now covIx,y=? 20? 11? 11? 02 The eigenvectors of this matrix correspond to the major and minor axes of the image intensity, so the orientation can thus be extracted from the angle of the eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue. It can be shown that this angle ? is given by the following formula: ? =12arctan2? 11? 20-? 02 The eigenvalues of the covariance matrix can easily be shown to be ? i=? 20+? 022 ±4? 112+? 20-? 0222 and are proportional to the squared length of the eigenvector axes. The relative difference in magnitude of the eigenvalues are thus an indication of the eccentricity of the image, or how elongated it is. The eccentricity is 1-? 2? Bounding Box: The extreme (min and max) x and y values in the blob are recorded and a set of bounding box co-ordinates namely (xmin , ymin) and (xmax , ymax) are generated. The bounding box is the smallest box that completely encloses the image. | CHAPTER-III| LOCALIZATION AND SEGMENTATION| | | | CHAPTER-III 3. LOCALIZATION AND SEGMENTATION 3. 1 INTRODUCT ION To localize the license plate three classes of techniques are made use of, viz. Morphology-based techniques, Edge-based techniques and Histogram-based techniques. Later, the Character- Segmentation is achieved using Connected Component Analysis and by applying Heuristics. The functioning of this part of the system can be further divided into 3 sub-sections. The first deals with Car Candidate Generation, the second deals with License Plate Localization and the third with Character Segmentation. 3. 2 EXTRACTING THE CAR-CANDIDATE REGION The Car-Candidate-Generation is done to focus on the car area in the given image to remove false candidates like name-boards, and noisy edges etc. The following steps were used to extract the car candidates: 1. Figure 3. 1 Figure 3. 2 The RGB Image is converted to a Grayscale image using: I = 0. 2989 * R + 0. 870 * G + 0. 1140 * B. 2. Figure 3. 3 An averaging filter is applied on the Grayscale image by convolving it with a 1111 mask. 3. Figure 3. 4 The Grayscale Image is subtracted from the Averaged image to yield an edge image. The effect induced by Averaged Image Grayscale Image is as follows: Values in the grayscale image higher than the average value (in the 11 x 11 neighborhood) are eliminated while calculating the difference as negative values are converted to 0. Values close to the average value are eliminated while thresholding to convert this image to a black and white image. Thus only pixels with values significantly lower than the average in the 11 x 11 neighborhood are retained. All low intensity parts of the edge in a grayscale image have a high value in the averaged image and hence in the differenced image they retain a good magnitude. 4. Figure 3. 5 The Otsu’s Threshold is used to convert the edge image into a black and white image. 5. Figure 3. 6 The Black and White Image is labeled resulting in each connected component to have a number/label associated with it. The area of these blobs is computed. 6. Figure 3. 7 A Weighted Vertical Histogram is computed for the labeled image. For every column in the Labeled Image, we extract the unique labels. The sum of the areas corresponding to these unique labels is the value of the Histogram for that column. 7. Figure 3. 8 Figure 3. 9 The peaks having magnitude above a threshold (V) and having a distance of VThresh between them are clustered to form vertical strips containing potential car candidates. Depending on the threshold value, eliminate the false car candidates. 8. Figure 3. 10 A weighted horizontal histogram is computed on the vertical strips thus obtained after eliminating the false candidates. 9. Figure 3. 12 Figure 3. 11 The peaks having magnitude above a threshold (H) and having a distance of HThresh between them are clustered to form rectangular strips assuming a threshold of one-third of the average in a strip, and obtain the car candidates. 3. 3 LICENSE PLATE LOCALIZATION The following pipeline explains the steps involved in the localization Once the car candidate is obtained; we localize the number plate in the following manner: 1. Grayscale image corresponding to the potential car candidate region is extracted. 2. To remove Salt and Pepper noise, median filter with a 33 mask is applied. It is useful to reduce speckle noise and salt and pepper noise. Its edge-preserving nature makes it useful in cases where edge blurring is undesirable. 3. Vertical edge detection is done on the image using sobel operator. This yields a grayscale image which is then subjected to a threshold based on RMS estimate of noise. 4. The image is dilated using a rectangular structuring element of size [2 15]. Figure 3. 13 5. Figure 3. 14 The area and bounding box of the connected components are then computed by first labeling the image and then extracting the blob properties. 6. Figure 3. 15 Area and Aspect Ratio heuristics are applied on connected components in the Dilated Image, to get Candidate License Plate (CLP) regions, and the corresponding regions are extracted from the edge image. 3. 4 CHARACTER SEGMENTATION Now the number plate candidates thus obtained are subjected to Character Segmentation by the following steps: The Connected Component Analysis is performed to obtain bounding box of each character. The connected component analysis algorithm is applied to the processed images. So we get the bounding rectangle of the object and the number of the object pixels in these rectangles. The following heuristics are applied to eliminate fake License Plate Candidates: * First the height heuristic is applied such that if the height of the bounding box of each object in the candidate license plate region is at least 0. 4 times the height of the Minor Axis Length of the CLP it was a part of, only then can it be a character. * Second the width heuristic is applied such that if the width of the bounding box of each object in the candidate license plate region is less than 0. 125 times the length of the Major Axis length of the CLP it was a part of, only then can it be a character. Any CLP retrieved from the dilated image should have at least four such objects stated in the above two points to qualify to be final candidate. * Lastly, an equation of a line passing through center of the plate is calculated using the Centroid and the Orientation of the plate candidate. All centroids of the Connected Components in the plate should be less than minimum perpendicular distance (Mi nDist) from the line. This heuristic further eliminates fake candidates. The other segmented regions eliminated, as they don’t qualify to be a character and may just be noise. Figure 3. 16 Thus the segmented characters are obtained. | CHAPTER-IV| HIERARCHICAL TEMPORAL MEMORY (HTM)| | | | CHAPTER-IV 4. HIERARCHICAL TEMPORAL MEMORY (HTM) 4. 1 WHAT IS HTM? Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) is a technology that replicates the structural and algorithmic properties of human brain such as visual pattern recognition, understanding spoken language, recognizing and manipulating objects by touch. HTMs are not programmed and do not execute different algorithms for different problems. Instead, HTMs â€Å"learn† how to solve problems. HTMs are trained by exposing them to sensory data and the capability of the HTM is determined largely by what it has learnt. HTMs are organized as a tree-shaped hierarchy of nodes, where each node implements a common learning and memory function. HTM memory is hierarchical in both space and time to capture and model the structure of the world. HTMs perform the following four basic functions regardless of the particular problem they are applied to: * Discover causes in the world * Infer causes of novel input * Make predictions * Direct behavior . 1. 1 Discover causes in the world Figure 4. 1 Left box in the figure 4. 1 represents a world the HTM is to learn about. The world consists of objects and their relationships. The objects in the world are physical such as cars, people, and buildings. The right box in Figure 4. 1 represents an HTM. It interfaces to its world through one or more senses shown in the middle of the figure. The senses sample some attribute of the world such as light or touch, though the senses used by an HTM do not need to be the same senses humans have. Typically the senses don’t directly detect the objects in the world. Senses typically present an array of data to the HTM, where each element in the array is a measurement of some small attribute of the world. From an HTM’s perspective, there are two essential characteristics of sensory data. First, the sensory data must measure something that is directly or indirectly impacted by the causes in the world. Second, the sensory data must change and flow continuously through time, while the causes underlying the sensory data remain relatively stable. The temporal aspect of sensory data can come from movements or changes of the objects in the world or it can come from movement of the sensory system itself through the world. The HTM’s output is manifest as a set of probabilities for each of the learned causes. This moment-to-moment distribution of possible causes is called a â€Å"belief†. If an HTM knows about ten causes in the world, it will have ten variables representing those causes. The value of these variables – its belief – is what the HTM believes is happening in its world at that instant. Typical HTMs will know about many causes, and as you will see, HTMs actually learn a hierarchy of causes. 4. 1. 2 Infer causes of novel input After an HTM network was trained with the set of training data, the network would be ready for the inference and it gives the output as the probability vector with the highest probability as the category to which the object belongs to. 4. 1. 3 Make predictions HTMs consist of a hierarchy of memory nodes where each node learns causes and forms beliefs. Part of the learning algorithm performed by each node is to store likely sequences of patterns. By combining memory of likely sequences with current input, each node has the ability to make predictions of what is likely to happen next. An entire HTM, being a collection of nodes, also makes predictions. Just as an HTM can infer the causes of novel input, it also can make predictions about novel events. Predicting the future of novel events is the essence of creativity and planning. Leaving the details of how this works for later, we can state now what prediction can be used for. There are several uses for prediction in an HTM, including priming, imagination and planning, and generating behavior. Priming When an HTM predicts what is likely to happen next, the prediction can act as what is called a â€Å"prior probability†, meaning it biases the system to infer the predicted causes. For example, if an HTM were processing text or spoken language, it would automatically predict what sounds, words, and ideas are likely to occur next. This prediction helps the system understand noisy or missing data. Imagination and Planning HTMs automatically predict and anticipate what is likely to happen next. Instead of using these predictions for priming, an HTM’s predictions can be fed back into the HTM as a substitute for sensory data. This process is what humans do when they think. Thinking, imagining, planning the future, and silently rehearsing in our heads are all the same, and achieved by following a series of predictions. HTMs can do this as well. Imagining the future can be valuable in many applications. For example, a car may be equipped with an HTM to monitor nearby traffic, to drive accordingly. 4. 1. 4 Direct behavior An HTM that has learned the causes in its world, and how those causes behave over time, has in essence created a model of its world. Now suppose an HTM is attached to a system which physically interacts with the world. What is important is that the system can move its sensors through its world and/or manipulate objects in its world. In such a system, the HTM can learn to generate complex goal-oriented behavior. As the HTM discovers the causes in its world, it learns to represent its built-in behaviors just as it learns to represent the behaviors of objects in the outside world. From the HTM’s perspective, the system it is connected to is just another object in the world. Through an associative memory mechanism, the HTM-based representations of the built-in behaviors are paired with the mechanisms creating the built-in behaviors themselves. . 2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF HIERARCHY The following reasons explain the concepts to introduce a hierarchical structure: Shared representations lead to generalizat

Sulfuric Acid and Sugar Chemistry Demonstration

Sulfuric Acid and Sugar Chemistry Demonstration One of the most spectacular chemistry demonstrations is also one of the simplest. Its the dehydration of sugar (sucrose) with sulfuric acid. Basically, all you do to perform this demonstration is put ordinary table sugar in a glass beaker and stir in some concentrated sulfuric acid (you can dampen the sugar with a small volume of water before adding the sulfuric acid). The sulfuric acid removes water from the sugar in a highly exothermic reaction, releasing heat, steam, and sulfur oxide fumes. Aside from the sulfurous odor, the reaction smells a lot like caramel. The white sugar turns into a black carbonized tube that pushes itself out of the beaker. Chemistry Demonstration Sugar is a carbohydrate, so when you remove the water from the molecule, youre basically left with elemental carbon. The dehydration reaction is a type of elimination reaction. C12H22O11 (sugar) H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) → 12 C (carbon) 11 H2O (water) mixture water and acid Although the sugar is dehydrated, the water isnt lost in the reaction. Some of it remains as a liquid in the acid. Since the reaction is exothermic, much of the water is boiled off as steam. Safety Precautions If you do this demonstration, use proper safety precautions. Whenever you deal with concentrated sulfuric acid, you should wear gloves, eye protection, and a lab coat. Consider the beaker a loss, since scraping burnt sugar and carbon off of it isnt an easy task. Its preferable to perform the demonstration inside of a fume hood.

Malcom X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Malcom X - Essay Example Malcolm X was an African-American who advocated for the rights of all the black people of American (Conyers & Smallwood 17). On the other hand, critics have also revealed plenty of negative things that he did in life, which I would like to find out the truth about from himself. I would like to meet Malcolm X in order to understand why he portrayed two contradicting characteristics, even if all his efforts were directed towards equal treatment of whites and blacks. I would like to meet Malcolm X because of his courage in fighting for the cause of humanity. Not many people could stand out so strongly and openly against a government and accuse it of crimes against humanity. His courage is even more pronounced when one considers that he had no parents to look up to, having been orphaned at a young age. So courageous was he that he was once quoted as saying he would advocate for violence if a state of non-violence meant postponing having a solution to the problems faced by black Americans. Being a person who knew what he wanted early in life, he dropped out of junior school after he was told by a white teacher that his ambition of practicing law in the future was not realistic for blacks (Conyers & Smallwood 33). His commitment to the right treatment of black people in America is worth admiring. After dropping out of school at a young age, Malcolm X engaged in various jobs between the age of 14 to 21 years. It is during this time that he also engaged in wrongdoings such as robbery, drug dealing, racketeering and gambling. He also broke into houses and targeted wealthy white households. He was even denied entry into the military after he said he would steal guns to kill white Americans. It has also been reported that he engaged in sexual activities with other men in exchange of money (Conyers & Smallwood 41). I would like to find out from him why a person with so much ambition and the interests of the minority in his